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Мусульманская умма в фокусе социально-философского анализа Часть 2. Историко-культурные аспекты формирования мусульманской уммы в России

Мусульманская умма в фокусе социально-философского анализа Часть 2. Историко-культурные аспекты формирования мусульманской уммы в России

Герейханов Гаджи Пирмурадович, доктор философских наук, профессор кафедры Социологии, психологии и педагогики Федерального государственного бюджетного образовательного учреждения высшего профессионального образования Московский государственный технологический университет «Станкин»

E-mail: GGP61@yandex.ru

Исследуя историко-культурные основы отношений Российского государства и сформировавшейся на его территории мусульманской уммы, автор прослеживает их развитие с X по конец XX вв., анализирует особенности их институализации и подробно обсуждает оформление и эволюцию идеи межконфессионального единства в системе отношений государства и ислама (в том числе реформаторское направление в последнем), а также характер и формы участия мусульман в общественногосударственной жизни России. Особое внимание уделено проблеме отражения отношений государства и ислама в политических, социально-философских и религиозно-этических концепциях XIX — начала XX вв., что исследуется на примере творчества как представителей миссионерского направления русской религиозно-философской мысли (А. Заборовского, А. Светлакова и др. выпускников Казанской Духовной академии 1870-х—1900-х гг.), так и Л.Н. Толстого и Вл. Соловьева.

Ключевые слова: мусульманская умма в России, Волжско-Камская Булгария, Северный Кавказ, государственное управление, государственно-религиозные отношения, государственно-исламские отношения, Русская Православная Церковь, Департамент духовных дел иностранных исповеданий, Миссионерский совет, джадидизм, шариат.

Gereykhanov G.P. Muslim Ummah in the Focus of Social and Philosophical Analysis. Part Two. Historical and Cultural Aspects of Formation of Muslim Ummah in Russia

Gaji P. Gereykhanov, Doctor of Philosophy, Professor, Department of Sociology, Psychology and Pedagogy of Federal State Institution of Higher Professional Education Moscow State Technological University "Stankin"

E-mail: GGP61@yandex.ru

This publication continues a cycle of articles devoted to the social and philosophical analysis of the relationship between the state (as a leading political institution) on the one hand, and the Muslim Ummah on the other. Researching the historical and cultural basis for the relationship between the Russian state and Muslim Ummah formed on territory of Russia, we trace development of this relationship from the X to the end of XX century. We analyze the features of the institutionalization of state-islamic relations and discusse in detail the genesis and evolution of the idea of interfaith unity in the system of relations between the state and Islam (including its reformist trend), and the nature and forms of Muslim participation in social and public life of Russia.

Thus, we show that Islam in its "pure", "Arab" version was not accepted anywhere in North Eurasia, it existed in the Volga Bulgar and Khazar Kaganate, and in the Khanate of Kazan and Astrakhan in the form of so-called "liberal" Islam, with an admixture of national and ethnic element (we mean Hanafi Islam, that confesses 90% of the contemporary post-Soviet Muslims). Muslim enclaves for a long time exist on these areas in an environment of non-Muslims and historically developed traditions of peaceful coexistence with these ones. Considerable attention we pay to the history of the spread of Islam in the Volga area and the North Caucasus and to the culture in these regions.

As for the Golden Horde, it not only did not try to Islamize Russia, but in both the pre-Islamic and Islamic periods of its history, its rulers are not prevented Orthodox missionary activity on its own territory. As a result of this activity, some families of Khans began to turn to Christianity. This process, as well as the strengthening of Russia and its conquest of territories that formerly belonged to the Horde (then Persia and the Ottoman Empire), contributed to the relationship between the Russian state and people belonging to different ethnic groups and different religions. This process was of great importance in a cultural as well as the sociological aspects: this process began to changing the perception of the ontology of "pagans" — the perception of array, in which substantial differences (from the Russian ethnos) of linguistic, moral, ethical, religious, and, finally, anthropological phenomena was focused.

Stabilization and strengthening of relations between the state and Islam were connected, first, to the general trend of strengthening national public values in the leadership of the Russian state, and secondly, with the accession of new southern and eastern areas to Russia. These were precisely XVI—XVII centuries, when the foundations of the approach of the state to Islam and Muslims, whose traditions in one form or another are stored in our days, were laid.

We discussed in detail the legal and political and cultural aspects of the inclusion of the Muslim population of the Crimea, the Volga region and the North Caucasus in Russian society during the XVIII—XIX centuries, the political and psychological and governance aspects of the Caucasian War, as well as the ideas of reforming of Islam belonging Ismail Bey Gasprinskiy and his adherents and followers (Jadidism).

Particular attention we pay to the problem of reflection of relations between the state and Islam in the political, social, philosophical, religious, and ethical concepts of XIX — early XX centuries. This one we examine on the examples of both creativity of the representatives of missionary orientation Russian religious and philosophical thought (A. Zaborovsky, A. Svetlakova and other graduates of the Kazan Theological Academy of the 1870—1900's), and ethic concepts of L.N. Tolstoy and Vladimir Solovyov.

Finally, we discussed the political and cultural atmosphere of the Islamic Ummah in Russia before the October Revolution, and after it and the challenges of the administrative-territorial division of the North Caucasus in 1917—1940, and related matters of political relations between the Ummah and the Soviet state.

Keywords: Muslim Ummah in Russia, the Volga-Kama Bulgaria, the North Caucasus, public administration, public-religious relations, state-Islamic Relations, the Russian Orthodox Church, the Department of Religious Affairs of Foreign Confessions, Missionary Council, Jadidism, Sharia.

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